How compound climate extremes reconfigure the urban development-ecological livability trade-off across China: A production possibility frontier perspective Sipei Pan, Walter T. de Vries, Jiale Liang, Dan Yi. To address the unknown, this study utilizes the Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) to show the trade-offs between urban development and ecological livability under compound climate extremes across China. The resulting PPF shows a nonlinear trade-off relationship. Under climate change, China faces intensifying compound extreme events with serious socio-economic ramifications, yet their future variations remain poorly understood. This page is a summary of: How compound climate extremes reconfigure the urban development-ecological livability trade-off across China: A production possibility frontier perspective, Land Use Policy, July 2026, Elsevier, The findings will provide insights for sustainable urban development and region-specific climate adaptation strategies for China and also other countries facing similar climate and development challenges. To address the unknown, this study utilizes the Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) to show the trade-offs between urban development and ecological livability under compound climate extremes across China. The resulting PPF shows a nonlinear trade-off relationship. To address the unknown, this study utilizes the Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) to show the trade-offs between urban development and ecological livability under compound climate extremes across China. The resulting PPF shows a nonlinear trade-off relationship. To address the unknown, this study utilizes the Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) to show the trade-offs between urban development and ecological livability under compound climate extremes across China. The resulting PPF shows a nonlinear trade-off relationship. • Nonlinear trade-offs of urban development and ecology livability under compound climate extremes across China were evaluated. • A Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) framework was introduced to quantify trade-off shifts and response dynamics. 为了应对这些未知因素，本研究利用生产可能性边界（PPF）来展示在中国不同地区，复合气候极端事件下城市发展与生态宜居性之间的权衡关系。 研究结果表明，这种权衡关系是非线性的。 此外，还存在多个临界点，在这些点上，权衡关系在不同地区会发生剧烈变化。 受极端气候事件影响较大的地区更容易受到系统性破坏，表明其在平衡城市发展与生态宜居性方面的能力较弱。 同时，在复合气候极端事件的影响下，全国范围内的PPF略微变得更加陡峭，而大多数地区的PPF其二阶导数呈现出下降和平缓的趋势。 这表明复合气候极端事件在一定程度上减缓了边际生态机会成本的上升速度。 在全国范围内，生态机会成本开始上升的拐点出现得稍晚，但在大多数地区则较早出现，反映了各地区对气候压力的不同适应能力。.